| Great progress began in 1870 in the hybridizing of the | | | | Operatic titles with colorful tropical leaves with stalks |
| canna lily by a combination of genetic materials from | | | | of glowing flowers worked well. These Italian canna |
| the wild canna species that had been collected from | | | | introductions were planted and grown throughout much |
| around the world, leading to the production of the | | | | of the European continent. The Grand Opera Series of |
| 'Madame Crozy' cultivar. A great interest developed in | | | | canna cultivars were tagged with names of the well |
| canna lilies as a colorful garden plant that previously | | | | known operatic performances of Aida, La Boheme, La |
| had been grown chiefly for the fast growing, tropical | | | | Traviata, Madam Butterfly, Rigolletto and Der |
| foliage, since the wild canna blooms were mostly small | | | | Rosenkavalier (German.) |
| and uninteresting. The stockpile of collected, canna wild | | | | The German Canna hybridizer, Wilheim Pfitzer, had his |
| species were again used to back-cross and | | | | own favorite canna names including, Stadt Fellbach. |
| intermingle with the celebrated hybrid, Madame Crozy. | | | | Most of Pfitzer named cannas were given vivid and |
| The bright bazaar colors and the tropical look was | | | | specific color names such as: Crimson Beauty, |
| excitable and exotic for the gardeners of the Victorian | | | | Primrose Yellow, Salmon Pink, and Chinese Coral. In |
| Age. Several countries including Italy, Germany, France, | | | | addition to adding clear colors of pastels, the Pfitzer |
| and England became actively involved in canna | | | | canna grew into dwarf plants and rarely grew taller |
| hybridization. Great efforts were made to codify the | | | | than 3ft. This dwarf feature was very attractive for |
| canna lily as an inexpensive, brilliantly flowered plant | | | | small metropolitan gardens, where space was limited, |
| with the tropical, fast growing, garden choice to plant | | | | and most of the Pfitzer canna cultivars readily |
| everywhere, and as often happens, to the unstoppable | | | | produced seed that might grow into even better canna |
| point of being brashly overdone. | | | | cultivars with that personal touch for the backyard |
| A few of the Victorian Era canna hybrids are still | | | | gardener. |
| grown today, despite the general opinion of most | | | | Italian interest in hybridizing canna lilies extended even |
| canna lovers, that they should be buried with the past | | | | into the Italian Monarchy reigns of King Emmanuel II and |
| and forgotten except for the historical contribution that | | | | his son, King Humbert. The Yellow King Humbert canna |
| elevated the wild native hybridization canna | | | | is believed to have been renamed by an English |
| combinations that created new directions for color and | | | | gardener as Richard Wallace. |
| tropical leaf development to explore. | | | | The noted French Hybridizer in 1870, Luther Burbank, |
| The naming of the Grand Opera Series of Canna lilies, | | | | the famous American Botanist, noted in his book, |
| was, a flower hybridizer's colorful idea of associating | | | | Flowers, published in 1921 that the Madame Crozy |
| an Italian classical musical treasure- The | | | | canna introduction laid the foundation for a canna |
| Opera—-with a group of hybrid flowers. These | | | | hybrid industry to rapidly evolve, since the flowers |
| new canna hybrids, likewise, caused a sensation in the | | | | were colorful and large and all existing flowers of |
| garden lovers world, and the possibility of the | | | | known wild canna species had produced small |
| commercial production of canna rhizomes made it | | | | insignificant flowers. All interest in growing canna as a |
| possible for gardening Italians to reasonably afford to | | | | garden subject had previously come from an eclectic |
| plant the brightly colored tropical leaved plants in their | | | | interest in the exotic tropical leaves, not from the |
| yards. The brilliant idea of associating the beloved | | | | flowers. |